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2005-04-25 (Vol 2, No 4)

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Development of Chemistry Education Homepage with Individualizing Web Agent and Analysis of Interactions in On-line Discussion

To reinforce science education for fostering creative scientists and technologists, it is essential to develop the professionalism of science teachers who are directly responsible for science education. However, there are insufficient in-service education opportunities for the teachers to come up with the rapid change, and there are many problems in current in-service teacher education. Moreover, current web-based education system, an alternative to the in-service education, does not meet user demands and does not provide individualized feedback for rapidly changing user's interest. To overcome this problem, the "Chemistry Education Homepage" with a user-interest analyzing agent providing suitable informations for changing user's interests was developed. Students' messages of online discussion within this site were also analyzed.
In study I, the in-service and pre-service science teachers' professional needs and their preference for training method between off-line and on-line education were investigated. A nation-wide survey was administered to 145 science teachers from 106 secondary schools and 67 pre-service science teachers from 3 universities. Both in-service and pre-service teachers showed high demands on all items, and their prominent need was to motivate students learning science. In-service teachers' needs related to teaching and learning materials were higher than pre-service teachers' need, and pre-service teachers' need for theory of learning science was higher than in-service teachers' need. Veteran teachers and high school teachers had higher demands on designing measurement items, but nonveteran teachers on evaluating the effectiveness of their instruction and updating their scientific knowledge. Teachers preferred the on-line education as a training method for most items except laboratory activities.
Based on the result of needs analysis of study I and additional survey on initial plan for this site, the Chemistry Education Homepage was constructed as a web site for providing various lecture notes, teaching and learning materials, and services of on-line community (study II). Main menus of this site were "Lecture Room", "Material Room", and "Community", and their sub-menus were determined by the results of the study I. After setting Web-server, program modules for user authentication, bulletin board system, discussion forum, and community-related modules were coded with the PHP language. Manuscripts and materials were also prepared, converted into HTML, and then loaded to the site.
In study III, the user-interest-analysing agent was developed, which is providing individualized information appropriate to user's interest based on the analysis of user's browsing pattern on this information-rich portal site. A basic idea of neural network was adapted to the learning system analysing user's interest. A hybrid learning method was used to develop the agent considering both user's feedback to interest domain proposed by the agent (supervised learning method) and user's browsing pattern (unsupervised learning method). The users of this agent were generally satisfied with this agent.
In study IV, on-line discussion of 32 pre-service teachers was analyzed in the aspect of co-construction of knowledge. Throughout a semester, 4 small group discussion and 5 whole class discussion were administered within the Chemistry Education Homepage. Transcripts were automatically prepared by researcher-made program, and 6 of them were analyzed. The model of Gunawardena et al. (1997) was used for analysis, and interaction map was also drawn. As a result of analysis with the message analysis model, 'sharing information' was the most frequent, and 'discovering/exploring dissonance' and 'negotiation of meaning/co-construction of knowledge' were the next. However, the frequency of 'testing and application of newly constructed meaning' were relatively small. This tendency was confirmed by the interaction map of online discussion on the nature of scientific knowledge.

key words: teacher education, science teacher, need analysis, neural network, web-based agent, online discussion, message analysis, interaction map

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